e^(jωt) ; ω = 2πf Z𝑊 = σ(1 − j) / √ω Z = Rₛ + [jωCdl + (Rct + Z𝑊)⁻¹]⁻¹ V(t) = V̂ cos(ωt) I(t) = V̂/|Z| cos[ωt − arg(Z)] Nyquist: (Z′, −Z″) ; Bode: |Z|, arg(Z)